清洁、绿色和可再生能源及其储存引起了工业界和学术界的极大兴趣，以应对持续的全球气候变化。废弃生物质衍生的多孔碳是补充其低成本、环保和可再生性质的重要研究课题。采用天然荷花（ Nelumbo nucifera）花萼一步同时碳化活化制备三维（3D）多孔炭。所制备的 3D-莲花花萼衍生活性炭 (3D-LCAC) 电极具有 798 m 2 g -1的比表面积，在 1 A g -1下具有 223 F g -1的显着比电容，具有极高的循环稳定性，即使在 KOH 电解质中进行 50,000 次充放电循环后，其初始电容仍保持 97%。它还表现出比商用交流电高约 3 倍的卓越速率能力。对称超级电容器装置中 3D-LCAC 电极的电化学性能在水溶液（6 M KOH、1 M Na 2 SO 4）和离子液体（1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓双（三氟甲基磺酰基）亚胺）电解质。在类似的电化学条件下，离子液体电解质促进了 3D-LCAC 对称超级电容器装置的能量密度比水性电解质高约 10 倍。总体而言，来自可再生和可持续生物废物的 3D-LCAC 是实际超级电容器应用中高性能电极材料的良好候选者。
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High-performance supercapacitors fabricated with activated carbon derived from lotus calyx biowaste
The clean, green, and renewable energy source and its storage have attracted considerable interest from both industry and academia to address the ongoing global climate change. The waste biomass-derived porous carbon is an important research topic complementing its low-cost, eco-friendly, and renewable nature. Three-dimensional (3D) porous carbon was prepared by the one-step simultaneous carbonization and activation of natural lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) calyx. The as-prepared 3D-lotus calyx-derived activated carbon (3D-LCAC) electrode, with a specific surface area of 798 m2 g−1 delivered a remarkable specific capacitance of 223 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, with exceptionally high cycling stability, showing 97% retention of its initial capacitance, even after 50,000 charge-discharge cycles in a KOH electrolyte. It also demonstrated superior rate capability approximately 3-times higher than the commercial AC. The electrochemical performance of the 3D-LCAC electrode in a symmetric supercapacitor device was measured in aqueous (6 M KOH, 1 M Na2SO4) and ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) electrolytes. The ionic liquid electrolyte facilitated 3D-LCAC symmetric supercapacitor device delivered approximately ten-times higher energy density than that of aqueous electrolytes under similar electrochemical conditions. Overall, the 3D-LCAC from renewable and sustainable biowaste is a good candidate for high-performance electrode materials in practical supercapacitor applications.